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Physician Assisted Suicide - 1418 Words

Imagine a cancer patient on a short rode to death. The pain this patient is experiencing is unreal and unimaginable to most. The pain medicine that can be used does little to take the agony away. The doctors can put the patient in an induced coma, but what kind of living is that? It is not living. The patient does not want to go on. Is it so wrong to ask for a way out? With less than six months to live, the patient’s hope is gone. Many argue that euthanasia is not ethical, but is it really ethical to let someone live in constant, horrifying pain and agony? While in some cases having the right to die might result in patients giving up on life, physician-assisted suicide should be legalized in all fifty states for terminally ill patients with worsening or unbearable pain. What is physician-assisted suicide? â€Å"Suicide is the act of taking ones own life. In assisted suicide, the means to end a patient’s life is provided to the patient (i.e. medication or a weapon) with knowledge of the patients intention† (American Nurses Association). Physician-assisted suicide is known by many names such as death with dignity, right to die, and of course, euthanasia. Euthanasia is a much more in-depth term concerning the patient and the type of suicide. Euthanasia, often called mercy killing, is the act of putting to death someone suffering from a painful and prolonged illness or injury. Euthanasia means that someone other than the patient commits an action with the intent toShow MoreRelatedEssay On Physician Assisted Suicide1549 Words   |  7 PagesWriting Project Worksheet 1. This paper will examine the Washington state policy of physician-assisted suicide. 2. State Info: (characteristics, size, culture, political culture, industries, features, etc. to explain state support of policy) Washington is a state in the northwestern United States with an estimated population of 7,288,000, as of July 1, 2016. Washington’s population is primarily white at 69% (not including Hispanics), with Hispanics comprising 12.4%, Asians 8.6%, and African AmericansRead MoreThe Treatment Of Physician Assisted Suicide1025 Words   |  5 Pagesprecious hour will give the loved ones a time to say goodbye just before they die with dignity in physician assisted suicide. Terminally ill patients have the right to end their own lives using physician assisted suicide (PAS) without repercussions of laws and people with opposing opinions. According to an article from CNN.com, there are currently five states in the U.S. where physician-assisted suicide is currently legal. In order to be eligible legally for PAS the patient must have six months orRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide2301 Words   |  10 Pagesend-of-life decisions is â€Å"physician-assisted suicide† (PAS). This method of suicide involves a physician providing a patient, at his or her own request, with a lethal dose of medication, which the patient self-administers. The ethical acceptability and the desirability of legalization of this practice both continue to cause controversy (Raus, Sterckx, Mortier 1). Vaco v. Quill and Washington v. Glucksberg were landmark decisions on the issue of physician-assisted suicide and a supposed ConstitutionalRead MoreThe Ethics Of Physician Assisted Suicide926 Words   |  4 Pagesethics of physician assisted suicide since the late 18th century. According to medicinenet the definition of physician assisted suici de is â€Å"the voluntary termination of one s own life by administrating a lethal substance with the direct assistance of a physician.† This would typically come into play if/when a critically ill patient wants to end their suffering. Confirming with the State-by-State Guide to Physician-Assisted Suicide, 5 states have Paquin 2 Legalized physician assisted suicide. CaliforniaRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesrelentless pain and agony through physician assisted death? Physician-Assisted Suicide PAS is highly contentious because it induces conflict of several moral and ethical questions such as who is the true director of our lives. Is suicide an individual choice and should the highest priority to humans be alleviating pain or do we suffer for a purpose? Is suicide a purely individual choice? Having analyzed and even experience the effects of physician assisted suicide, I promote and fully support itsRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Is A Controversial Topic1929 Words   |  8 PagesOne may have heard of suicide, but not physician-assisted suicide. The two are very different in terms of the act of taking one’s own life. For instance, physician-assisted suicide is done with help from another person, usually a physician; where the doctor is willing to assist with e ither the means of how to take one’s own life or the actual act itself. This can either be by prescribing lethal doses of drugs to these patients who want to take their own life or by counseling these patients onRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : A Controversial Subject1692 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide is a controversial subject all around the world. Although it is legal in some countries and states, such as the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Oregon, Montana, Washington, and Vermont it is not yet legal in most (Finlay, 2011). People travel from all around the world to these locations to receive information. Physician-assisted suicide is when terminally ill and mentally capable patients perform the final act themselves after being provided with the required meansRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Physician-Assisted Suicide1871 Words   |  8 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide should be a legal option, if requested, for terminally ill patients. For deca des the question has been asked and a clear answer has yet to surface. It was formed out of a profound commitment to the idea that personal end-of-life decisions should be made solely between a patient and a physician. Can someones life be put into an answer? Shouldnt someones decision in life be just that; their decision? When someone has suffered from a car accident, or battled long enoughRead MoreThe Rights Of Physician Assisted Suicide1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right to Die By: Antony Makhlouf Antony Makhlouf PHR 102-006 Contemporary Moral Issues Final Paper The Right to Die Physician-assisted suicide, also known as euthanasia, has been a hot topic as of late. If you do not know what this is, physician-assisted suicide is the taking of ones life. This usually occurs when a patient is in a irreversible state, and must live through a tube. With multiple cases occurring in the past, current and the more to occur the in the future, this looksRead MorePhysician-Assisted Suicide Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pagesof their patients, or to assist them in ending their lives? Many people may believe that physicians would never perform the latter, but in actuality one practice does so. Physician assisted suicide is the intentional ending of one’s life brought on by lethal substances prescribed by a doctor. In the majority of cases, the patient is terminally ill and simply does not desire to live any longer. Their physician provides the medication necessary to end their life. Many supporters aver that this practice

Movie Summary Dogville by Lars von Trier Essay Example For Students

Movie Summary Dogville by Lars von Trier Essay Even though Lars Von Triers film, Dogville, arouses the same questions that all his other films do. Even though every single one of his movies is different than the other in plot, they all have one thing in common. They will make you question everything you know about morality and will shatter the idea you have formed in your head about what is right and what is wrong. It will leave you in a state of shock making you consider things that you always seem to avoid because they make you feel uncomfortable. Von Triers main goal while making any movie is to arouse these doubts and questions that float in your mind once you finish watching his films. The plot of, Dogville, revolves around a young woman named Grace, who appears to be on the run from the mobs, who are trying to kill her. She stumbles into the town of Dogville and meets Tom, who seems to be the epitome of morality and kindness. The people of Dogville agree to hide Grace as long as she agrees to help them around town to earn her keep. However, before long the townspeople start treating Grace as their own personal slave. The men start to sexually abuse and rape her without bothering to even hide it. The people seem to believe that their treatment of Grace is a perfectly acceptable trade in exchange to hiding her. As you watch the townspeople go from peaceful, quiet people to vicious and hateful abusers, you are left to wonder if their actions are driven by their circumstances or are they simply following their true nature?! The animalistic theme and the naturalistic element are heavily intertwined throughout the movie. As the movie progresses we see that the people have no sense of right or wrong. They are behaving like animals and treating Grace as a slave. Moreover, we realize that the name of the town is a foreshadowing of its inhabitants. Grace does not heavily protest the peoples treatment of her because she believes in inherent morality, she believes that people have no control over their own actions and thus should be forgiven. However, at the end of the film she exacts her revenge and allows herself to feel the anger that she has denied herself. Ironically, the only creature that survives the town is the, dog. The ending scene explains a lot about the Graces attitude throughout the movie. Grace seems to accept her abuse with no anger and at some point you wonder if she has become numb from all that has happened to her?! Or is she too forgiving? Perhaps Graces quiet acceptance of her abuse caused the people to abuse her further. Like the writer Honor de Balzac once said, â€Å"Perhaps it is only human nature to inflict suffering on anything that will endure suffering, whether by reason of its genuine humility, or indifference, or sheer helplessness. † At the end we realize that the mobs leader is her father and that she has been running from the immorality of her fathers business, ironically she runs into Dogville, where she encounters all that is unethical and immoral. Grace tries to justify the actions of the townspeople saying that, dogs only obey their own nature, so why shouldnt we forgive them? However, Grace realizes that she cannot justify their actions towards her anymore, this is demonstrated when the omniscient says, if she had acted like them, she could not have defended a single one of her actions and could not have condemned them harshly enough. It was as if her sorrow and pain finally assumed their rightful place. Grace finally understands that she is not God. It is not her job to forg ive, she is allowed to be angry, and she is allowed to take action against those who hurt her.

Interview Petya Raykovska Jenny Beaumont - On WP and WordCamps

Hey friends, its time for another chat with some interesting WordPress people! But heres the twist, todays is a double interview, or a mirror interview! Yes, youre getting two for the price of one.This formula came to our minds some time ago but it is only now that we managed to get it done. It means that, for every single question, youre going to get two answers from our gracious interviewees. So, dont miss Petya Raykovska and Jenny Beaumont talking about their contributions to the WordPress community, their projects, non-WordPress activities, and other fun stuff.But before we dive into this double-dose interview, make sure to check out our previous talk with  Brad Touesnard, the founder of Delicious Brains.Petya and Jenny have many things in common: they work as project managers at Human Made,  get involved in local and major WordCamps, and have both left a big mark on the way the overall WordPress community has grown lately.If youre a regular attendee at WordCamp Europe, there s a high chance youve already met at least one of them!Petya RaykovskaJenny BeaumontJenny and Petya both have plenty of technical knowledge, but their communication skills, love for socializing with others, and passion for what they do moved them towards the humanized side of WordPress.They are part of the reason why the WordPress community is now so solid, welcoming and friendly. They started by improving the small groups in their hometowns and continued their work up to the European and international level in subsequent years culminating with their roles as leaders of the WordCamp Europe organizing teams.But lets hear it from the girls in person! JennyI began building websites before the advent of CMSs, and saw them slowly emerge as the solution to two recurring problems. On the one hand, clients were increasingly wanting control over their content, and on the other, we were looking for ways to avoid reinventing the wheel at every turn.For me, it was the technical overhead of my first e-commerce projects that lead me to test these platforms, giving me access to technology that I couldnt master on my own, offering me a rich learning experience and an affordable product to clients.As time went on and new software came out, I would poke at them to find their strengths and limits, adapting my choices for each project. I first heard about WordPress in 2006, and started playing with it in 2007, but found it lacking the sophistication I needed. I favored Dotclear, a popular CMS in France at the time, until the version 3.0 of WordPress and the introduction of menus, which drew me back in. By 2011 I was working with WordPress exclusively.PetyaIn 2011, I left a job in publishing that I really loved to start a small web agency in Sofia, Bulgaria with a couple of friends. We decided were going to try building websites with open source software and thats how we started working with WordPress.For me, it was the best of all the CMSs we tried. Then I fell in love with some one who was heavily involved with contributing to WordPress and the community and they introduced me to the Polyglots team. Once I started contributing, WordPress became a big part of my life, because of people.What does a project manager at Human Made do on a daily basis?JennyMy favorite answer to this question is still, I have no idea. (And my husband thinks Im crazy for saying so.)What Im learning since joining the company back in March is that there doesnt seem to be a typical experience. All of the projects are different, each of us bringing our personal style of management to the table, and each of us participating in the WordPress project in various ways and to varying degrees.My days are divided between project work (communicating with the project team, both internally and client-side, doing my part to ensure that the project is delivered on time, within budget and with our standard of quality), agency work (internal meetings, resourcing, reporting, internal projects) and co mmunity contribution (Im primarily focused on organizing WordCamp Europe at the moment, but have other aspirations).I also make sure to carve out a little time every day for personal/professional development: staying on top of industry news, networking, etc.Every day is a little different, just the way I like it.PetyaSo Im a project manager thats also an event organiser, a community builder and a publicity and marketing expert. So I dont have a daily routine. PMs take care of everything a client project needs from the communication to making sure developers are happy, have everything they need, to documentation, financials, keeping up with project timeframes, resourcing, research about the best solutions to a specific client projects and sending developers lollipop bouquets 😛 (Thats Jenny B for you).But then Im also involved with organising several WordCamps, so there are meetings, logistics, etc there as well. And I do have my Polyglots weekly activities support, chat, ta lking to people, translating WordPress, working with devs to build features for translators, organising global contributor days, going to conferences and talking about important contributing work. So no single day is like the other.Whats your technique for staying productive throughout the day?JennyAs Ive gotten older (if not wiser), routine, which Id often railed against in my youth, has become my best friend. Good habits start first thing in the morning and set the tone for the day:Get a good nights sleep.Eat well and at regular intervals, avoid snacking.Stay hydrated.Know whats on my calendar and keep it up to date.Turn off social media notifications only check in periodically during breaks or downtime.Try to schedule downtime after meetings and not schedule too many in a row (these tire me out the most).Take frequent breaks.Get physical exercise every day, and make sure to stretch frequently if Im stuck at my desk all day (which is most days).And my number one productivity tech nique: do only one thing at a time (which Im still not very good at).PetyaLove what you do. Drink plenty of water. Take a break every time you need one.You are part of the WordCamp Europe organizing team. What do you love most about this experience?JennyThe teamwork is by far the most satisfying aspect of organizing a WordCamp for me. Its also what inspired me to stop freelancing and join a company. The second most rewarding is, of course, seeing all the happy campers enjoying the fruits of our labor. Nothing quite like it.PetyaI was a part of the organising teams in 2014, 2015 and I led the team in 2016. I decided to dedicate my time to other things this year and in the future and its important for WCEU that there are new people on the team who can learn to go through the motions and bring new fresh ideas and developments to the event. I loved organising WCEU in those three years the impact that event had on the European community, the global community and building connections is worth all the sleepless nights and effort thats put into organising it.You wake up and theres only one week left before WordCamp Europe starts. Whats your daily schedule as an organizer?JennyThis will be my third year as a WordCamp Europe organizer, and my third role on the team, having started out on Speakers and Sponsors, then moving to local lead in Paris, and now taking on the role of global lead for 2018 in Belgrade. These all have very different responsibilities throughout the year and as the event approaches.At a week out the heavy lifting is done and the team as a whole is trouble-shooting with vendors, speakers, sponsors, volunteers, and MCs; helping people resolve problems, tying up loose ends and hammering out the hour by hour logistics of the event days. At a week out weve all pretty well surrendered to the idea that no matter what might go wrong, itll be okay.PetyaA week before WordCamp Europe youve already done everything you need to do for the event. You also are prob ably already on location, so whats left to do depends on your role. The most important part is to not overdo it, to try and stay energised and fresh for the event so that you can survive it.Youre traveling a lot. What is the nicest place youve ever been to?JennyI think that what I classify as a nice place is anywhere that makes me feel welcome. And of course, the joy of traveling is to see new things, meet new people, discover different cultures and experience local cuisine and customs. A lot of times the way you experience a new place can depend on who youre traveling with and under what circumstances. Traveling for WordCamps, for example, hasnt always afforded me the opportunity to get more than a glimpse of the city.My favorite vacation spot? Brittany. Oh, and Id love to return to Guernesey and visit Jersey some day. Two of my homes away from home? Chicago and London. Some places Ive visited and would love to return to? Vienna, Berlin, Torino, Sofia and Zurich to name a few. And there are so many places Ive never been to! Australia is on the top of my listUpcoming trips to new places include Marseille, Belgrade and Petritoli.PetyaHome. The best thing about constantly traveling is coming home. If you have not been to Bulgaria, you should definitely visit. There are a lot of things to love.How do you define being successful?JennyI keep a 5-minute journal as part of my daily routine. Success for me is signing off with, It was a good day, measuring daily how Ive managed my time, my energy levels, my interactions with people, and whether or not Ive accomplished what I set out to do that day. Have I made a positive impact? Have I contributed to both my short and long terms plans? Have I been good to myself and those around me? Success!PetyaBeing content and happy with my present. Being autonomous in my work, making an impact with it and being able to constantly learn and improve.What do you like to do when youre not WordPress-ing?JennyOff the job I enjoy hiking, yoga, cooking (read: eating), reading and visiting with friends. Im also slightly addicted to American television, and love home improvement projects (especially those involving power tools).PetyaGo to gigs, dance, play music, sleep.Any cool personal or professional projects coming up?JennyOn the WordPress side of things, and beyond WordCamp Europe, Im hoping to jump back into some WordCamp site development projects, notably the WordCamp Talk Proposals project that I worked on earlier in the year, but which is currently on the back burner. Then, a personal project Ive been working on for some time is completing my yoga teacher certification, which I delayed this year as my professional workload grew, but am picking back up again.PetyaIm organizing WordPress workshops for kids and Im hoping to inspire WordCamp organizers to do those around every WordCamp.What do you wish more people knew about WordPress?JennyThat it is made by the people, for the people. The open source community is still poorly understood, in my opinion, by those outside of it. Why do I think its important for people to know this? Because unlike most other products, there is a real opportunity in open source to make a difference, to play a part in making WordPress better for everyone.There is also a better appreciation to be had about how the project is built and maintained, about how technology evolves in general, which I believe is important to understand in order to for people to fully take responsibility for their websites. PetyaI think WordPress is popular enough. I wish more people knew they could help make WordPress. And Im working every day to make that happen.Whos doing things that are just cutting-edge and incredible in the WordPress space right now?JennyI dont know about cutting-edge, but the Gutenberg project will be the biggest game-changer maybe since menus and custom post types were introduced. Im a late-adopter, and so still a bit of a skeptic about Gutenbergs ability to effect ively implement this block content system, but there is no denying that its coming whether we like it or not, and the debates around it are interesting to follow.Ive always firmly believed that one of WordPresss greatest strengths is the ability to work around any of its apparent limitations. Im sure it will be the same with blocks, and that we will learn and iterate until it succeeds in opening up new audiences or leading us in a new direction entirely.The other interesting space to follow, IMO, is hosting. So many mergers and acquisitions, so much riding on that user experience and coming up with solutions to make it a seamless one, from install to updates, guarding against hacks and providing metrics. Lots happening in this arena and still more to be done!PetyaEveryone building things with WordPress and the REST API. You should check the videos from A Day of REST, the WordPress REST API conference we at Human Made organise to showcase what can be done and is already done with the REST API. The WordPress core team is also doing amazing things with WordPress. Looking forward to Gutenberg!Describe the WordPress community in one word.Life-changing.JennyWarmth.PetyaWhats the one thing youd like to change about WordPress?JennyThere are of course loads of improvements to be made to WordPress across the board, but if you ask me what is the one thing, it brings me back to your earlier question about what I wish people knew about it. If there was one thing I would change it would be peoples perception whether it was around the nature of open source, taking it seriously as a scalable high-end solution, or the simple difference between WP.org and WP.com. I believe there is a lot of work to be done around the branding of WordPress.PetyaFinding a recipe for not burning contributors out would be amazing.What was the first big thing youve bought with your first WordPress earnings?JennyHa! Well, this doesnt really apply to me since WordPress, despite its huge presence in m y life in recent years, is really anecdotal to my career. I do remember the first laptop I bought in my early years, with my own earnings and without financing, and yeah, that felt pretty great.PetyaI dont remember exactly, but I bet it was either a concert ticket or a plane ticket.What was the most challenging thing youve done during your career?JennyPivoting. Knowing when to get in and when to get out. I started out by building an agency and then went freelance. I then started a commercial venture, closed it, started another agency, closed it, and somehow kept freelancing on the back burner to come back to.Since that first company back in 1998, my work has revolved around the web, but in different capacities, adapting with the market, technology, circumstances, collaborations, my evolving skill set, and the impact of my personal life. Twice in that time I took time off to rethink things. Staying fluid, adapting to change, doing regular health checks and course-correcting when need ed Id say these are the most challenging things Ive faced and the most essential to sustaining a career thats spanned nearly two decades.PetyaLearning to let go of things, to delegate, and to pass the torch to others when it was time. Learning to accept people from all over the world, to love their quirks and differences. Learning to listen. Thats not one thing, but a list, I realise that. But I cant pick a most challenging one from all of those.What does it take for a WordPress-er to become a WordCamp Europe organizer if they were to apply for this role?JennyStrong candidates are/have:Based in the EUPrior experience volunteering at WCEU in some capacityPrior experience organizing a WordCamp or running a MeetupStrong written and communication skillsPrior experience organizing other types of large events (1000+ people)Comfortable with remote workWe open organizer applications every year in July. This years team is already in place, but if youre interested for future years, do keep a n eye out for the call for volunteers and join us! Its a great way to see how things work and gain the extra experience that will make all the difference. You can sign up for our newsletter on the website to be notified about the call for volunteers and other announcements.PetyaOh, the WordCamp Europe team just posted the answer to this question in detail. Be prepared to give it everything you have and you will be handsomely rewarded. Good luck!

The KISS Guide To Writing Keyword Rich Articles

The KISS Guide To Writing Keyword Rich Articles The KISS Guide To Writing Keyword Rich Articles The KISS Guide To Writing Keyword Rich Articles By Sharon Freelance writers are often asked to write keyword rich web content articles. If you dont know where to begin, heres the keep it simple guide to get you started. Finding Keywords In most cases, clients supply the keywords you need for an article. If they dont, then your first step is to research some appropriate keywords for their topic. There are several tools you can use to do this. Some of my favorites are: the SEOBook Keyword Tool Google Adwords search tool These free tools allow you to search for a term and see related keywords. For each term, the sites indicate the search volume. This tells you which keywords are popular and gives you a list of phrases and alternative phrases to use when writing articles. Keyword Density Once you have the keywords, then its time to start writing. Sometimes clients ask for a specific keyword density, such as 3%. Although this is not the best way to write keyword articles, if thats what the client asks for, thats what you have to provide. Two tools which work well for checking keyword density are Textalyser and Live Keyword Analysis. in both cases, you paste your text into a box, hit a button and find out your keyword density. (Alternatively, you can work out how many times you need to mention the keyword phrase to achieve your target density and find and count them manually in your word processing program.) Seeding The Keywords Its much rarer now for writing clients to request a high keyword density. Using keywords 10-15 times in a short article can make it virtually unreadable, so most go for using keywords around five times. Whichever method you use, key positions for keyword placement are at the start (first words, first sentence or first paragraph) and end (last words, last sentence or last paragraph) of the article. Then the other keywords are sprinkled around in the middle. Breaking It Up One issue that writers sometimes face is having unwieldy keywords that dont fit well within a sentence. Some clients are sticklers for using keywords as written, which can result in strange sentence constructions that lack the appropriate punctuation. (Example: When buying mortgages UK consumers need to be aware of interest rates.) However, others realise that search engines take little account of punctuation and stop words (short words such as the, a and so on) and that its ok to use these to make a phrase more reader friendly. With this kind of client, its easy to produce engaging and informative articles that still meet the clients brief. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesOne Fell SwoopJanuary 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

Tiempo Permitido Fuera Estados Unidos para Residentes

Tiempo Permitido Fuera Estados Unidos para Residentes El tiempo que un residente permanente puede pasar fuera de los Estados Unidos sin afectar su estatus depende de varias circunstancias. Quienes cuentan con una green card deben residir en territorio de los Estados Unidos, de lo contrario se puede encontrar o bien con un rechazo de su solicitud de naturalizacià ³n, o bien con problemas para reingresar al paà ­s. Estos problemas afectan a quienes cuentan con una residencia en tarjeta de plstico, a quienes la tienen estampada en su pasaporte, a quienes tienen residencia condicional o quienes residen con visa de inversià ³n. Estos son algunos de los casos que hay que considerar: Si el residente pasa fuera de Estados Unidos menos de seis meses no deberà ­an existir problemas en los puntos de reingreso (frontera terrestre, inmigracià ³n en el aeropuerto o puerto marà ­timo) a menos que el oficial de inmigracià ³n tenga razones e informacià ³n  para creer que la persona no reside, de hecho, en el paà ­s. Un ejemplo es quien est por fuera cinco meses, regresa un dà ­a y vuelve a salir.Si el residente pasa ms de seis meses fuera de Estados Unidos pero menos de un aà ±o, puede pedir su readmisià ³n si cuenta con los documentos que demuestren que no pretendà ­a abandonar su estatus de residente: familia en Estados Unidos, impuestos al dà ­a, empleo o negocio, propiedades inmobiliarias en el paà ­s, cuentas bancarias, licencia de conduccià ³n valida, documentos que prueben las razones de su demora en regresar al paà ­s o un certificado de estudios en marcha.Si el residente pasa por fuera de Estados Unidos ms de un aà ±o pero menos de dos, debe pedir un permiso especial para reingresar antes de salir del paà ­s. El permiso es valido por dos aà ±os. En este caso el permiso se debe solicitar: cuando hay certeza de una estadà ­a fuera de Estados Unidos de hasta dos aà ±os, cuando hay advertencias escritas en el pasaporte por un oficial de inmigracià ³n respecto al estatus migratorio, o cuando el residente ha pasado por fuera de Estados Unidos seis meses en un aà ±o y planea estar fuera otros seis meses al aà ±o siguiente. Si el residente ha estado por fuera ms de un aà ±o y no tiene permiso para reingresar, debe comenzar desde ceros el proceso para obtener un nuevo permiso de residencia, ya que el que tiene no es valido. Esto quiere decir que se pierden las condiciones de residente permanente. En este caso se podrà ­a solicitar una visa SB-1en el consulado o embajada correspondiente antes del reingreso, pero las condiciones que se exigen para solicitar dicha visa son muy especà ­ficas y estrictas (varios documentos, affidavits que respalden la versià ³n de los hechos, exmenes mà ©dicos, impuestos al dà ­a, cuentas bancarias, familia en Estados Unidos).  ¿Cules Son Mis Opciones Si He Estado por Fuera Mucho Tiempo? Ante un residente con un estatus migratorio conflictivo el agente de aduana puede proponer varias posibilidades: Que el residente retire voluntariamente su intento de admisià ³n al paà ­s y regrese a su paà ­s de origen; esto no es una deportacià ³n ni expulsià ³n, sino un acto que el residente cumple ejerciendo plena libertad de eleccià ³n.Que el residente firme un documento en el que renuncie a su residencia. En este caso la persona no debe firmar ningà ºn papel que reconozca se ha abandonado el estatus de residente a menos que lo quiera hacer voluntariamente. Al negarse, el residente ser enviado a la corte y allà ­ podr explicar su caso delante de un juez. Que el residente obtenga un permiso (waiver) y pueda entrar con estatus de residente al paà ­s. Que el residente pueda reingresar con un notice to appear (aviso para comparecer). Aquà ­ deber presentarse en la corte de inmigracià ³n para un potencial proceso de deportacià ³n a menos que se pruebe con contundencia las razones de la ausencia. Excepciones Los siguientes residentes tienen ms libertad en sus viajes por fuera de Estados Unidos: Residentes permanentes legales cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos americanos quienes acompaà ±an a su familiar en otro paà ­s debido a un trabajo para el gobierno, o porque son miembros de una de las ramas del Ejà ©rcito de los Estados Unidos.Residentes permanentes legales hijos menores de 21 aà ±os de ciudadanos americanos que acompaà ±an a su familiar en otro paà ­s debido a un trabajo para el gobierno, o porque son miembros de una de las ramas del Ejà ©rcito de los Estados Unidos. En estos casos, dichos residentes deben reingresar al paà ­s junto con el ciudadano americano con el que estn relacionados. Recuerde Si en la aduana se topa con problemas sepa que usted: No esta obligado a firmar ningà ºn documento.No puede perder su tarjeta de residencia. Ningà ºn oficial puede retenerla, solo un juez de inmigracià ³n tiene ese poder. Si pretende solicitar la ciudadanà ­a sepa que usted: Debe pasar al menos la mitad del tiempo requerido (cinco o tres aà ±os) dentro del territorio de Estados Unidos.No debe haber estado por fuera de Estados Unidos ms de un aà ±o seguido. Esto se considera como una ruptura de su obligacià ³n de residir en el paà ­s. Debe contar con los documentos que validen una estadà ­a por fuera de Estados Unidos de ms de seis meses y menos de un aà ±o. Por à ºltimo, este test de respuestas mà ºltiples  sobre cà ³mo obtener y conservar la tarjeta de residencia puede ser una guà ­a adicional. Este es un artà ­culo informativo, y no pretende ser asesorà ­a legal.

Understanding Concepts of Strategy in Business and War Essay

Understanding Concepts of Strategy in Business and War - Essay Example In war, the strategy calls for a careful study of the weakest areas within the enemy camp, and in business one of the first steps in the struggle to succeed is to target the weak spots in the structure of a rival company. It is equally important to establish a final goal. Is winning enough? The strategy is not successful if a country or a company cannot maintain its position, especially in a global society. There must be a plan for follow-up when the initial goal is met. One example of the failure to establish a final goal is the â€Å"war† in the Middle East. The concept in both war and business is to be a winner and not a loser, but U.S. presence in Iraq shows no signs of reaching its unrealistic goal. Setting a target and meeting goals could be regarded as two of the external environmental factors necessary for success in both war and business. However, in addition to understanding the opposition, it is important in both areas to train a contingent of individuals, whether troops or employees, to learn the rules and work together to resolve any weaknesses within the organization or blog. Thornton (2006) notes that by establishing organized troops and having a vision of what he wished to achieve, Alexander the Great from the small country of Mesopotamia was able to defeat armies ten times his size due to his strong leadership skills. These are the skills needed by CEOs in successful companies and can be considered another of the inner environmental factors needed in both war and business planning.

The Kite Runner Directed by Marc Forster Movie Review

The Kite Runner Directed by Marc Forster - Movie Review Example Amir also struggled at the thought that his father blames him for his mother's death during his childbirth. However, he has a kind father in the person of Baba's very close friend, Rahim Khan, who understands him and is more supportive of his interests especially in writing stories. Assef, a notorious cruel, racist, and violent older boy with sadistic tendencies, blames Amir for socializing with a Hazara, which according to him is an inferior race and should not live amongst the rich and the "true people of Afghanistan." He and his friends prepare to attack Amir at one time after the two boys watched their favorite movie, but Hassan bravely stands up to him, threatening to shoot Assef in the eye with a slingshot, and although Assef and his henchmen backed off, but he vowed to take revenge. One successful and triumphant afternoon, Amir wins the local tournament, and finally gained Baba's praise. Hassan goes to run after the last cut kite, a great trophy for Amir and saying "For you, a thousand times over." Unfortunately, that was time Assef and his gang carried out their revenge as well. Amir running to look for Hassan, after realizing it was taking him so long, soon witnessed what Assef and his friends were doing to Hassan. But cowardice took over and so he hid. The afternoon of 1975 changed all their lives forever, consequently the lives of all of Afghanistan as the Russians started to march in to their well loved country. Time passes and Amir and Hassan started totally different chapters of their lives; Hassan and Ali went to live in Hazarajat, while Amir and Baba ended up in California. Until one day, sometime after Baba's death, Amir gets a call in the United States from a familiar voice from the past. Rahim Khan is asking Amir to visit him in Pakistan. This is foreshadowing the fact that Rahim Khan knows all about Hassan, and how he is Amir's brother and how he has always known about the tragic circumstances surrounding Hassan, being raped, and what Amir d id in the hopes of getting Hassan and Ali out of his and Baba's lives. Amir finally decided to go. Enigmatically he tells Amir that "there is a way to be good again," and so he goes to rescue Sohrab, Hassan's son, who became a captive of the most notorious pedophile in Afghanistan, who happened to be Assef. After a fight that Amir almost lost if not for Sohrab finally hitting Assef in the eye with the slingshot the way his father could have done many years back, Amir felt, after so many years, that he was finally free of the guilt of the injustice he did to Hassan. He and his wife, Soraya, adopted Sohrab, and in an effort to win his heart, Amir also goes after a cut kite in one kite-flying afternoon back in the United States, and in the end Sohrab only shows a lopsided smile, but Amir accepted it with all his heart as he runs the kite for Sohrab, saying, "For you, a thousand times over." In the story, the study of religion is evident in the course of Amir's life at school. In their school, they had a mullah who taught them about Islam, lecturing them about the virtues of the zakat and the duty of the hadj; the intricacies of performing the five daily namaz prayers, and made them memorize verses from the Koran. The morning prayers were also portrayed in several scenes of the movie.

Plato - Soul Essay Example for Free

Plato Soul Essay 1. ) True; Simmias uses the theory of recollection in his argument against Socrates about the soul and it having immortality, or not. He uses an analogy of an instrument to represent the body, and the instrument’s attunement to represent the soul. He makes a stand that if the body of an instrument can be destroyed, which will then cause the attunement to also be destroyed, then isn’t that saying the same for the relationship of the body and its soul? (72e-80c). 2. ) True; in order for the attunement or harmony within an instrument can work perfectly and in tune, the instrument must be put together correctly and in perfect harmonious measure. 3. ) False; Socrates states that there is no greater evil one can suffer than to hate reasonable discourse, not hate mankind. However, those that do hate reasonable discourse, are objectionable and nonproductive, but by no mean the greatest evil. The greatest evil are those who hurt, torture, and destroy others for their own selfish reasons or for no reason at all, just because they can. Reasonable discourse is the refined and ideal way to resolve differences and problems. (89d-e) ( but first there is a certain experience we must be careful to avoid That we must not become misologues, as people become misanthropes. There is no greater evil one can suffer than to hate reasonable discourse. Misology and misanthropy arise in the same way. ) 4. ) False; how can something rule over another thing, if that thing is the making up of the thing that’s trying to rule it? For example, I cannot rule over my mother, when my mother is who made me; another example, a soul cannot rule over a body, if the body is what makes up the soul. 5. ) False; without such things as the good and the beautiful being non-existent, then how can the soul have existed, before we were born, without them? How would we know whether or not if they did, unless the theory of recollection of course, was in play? 6. ) True; without the senses being intact, how can one hear or see accurately to know anything? To learn anything? Without just those two senses being intact, the other senses will also be inaccurate, as well. (65b) 7. ) True; he argues that when discussing opposites, that one thing comes from the opposite of another and nowhere else. (70e-72b) 8. ) False; you can’t know what you know with just your knowledge, because how can you have knowledge, if you do not know anything? You need experience, along with trial and error, to be able to learn what you are and aren’t supposed to do. How is it that the first people came to know anything? They weren’t just born with their knowledge; they had to learn what they know that has formed into their present knowledge. (65a) 9. ) True; Socrates does accept the fact that maybe good and beautiful do not exist. That’s when, in question 5, he came to the conclusion that even without their existence, does that say that mean our soul does or doesn’t still exist before we are born? Do we need such things as good, evil, beautiful, and ugly to have our soul be pre-existent? 10. ) False; Socrates has Simmias agreement that philosophers distance themselves as much as possible from bodily pleasures such as: food, drink, sex, fancy clothes, etc. Philosophers are only concerned with the comfort of their souls, and want to free the soul as much as possible from relations with the body. Socrates claims that our senses are vague and may deceive us, so the best kind of wisdom comes from basis, when distanced as far as possible from the distractions of the body. (64c-67b).

All Dogs Really Do Go to Heaven Essay -- Literary Analysis, Indra, Yud

At the end of the masterpiece, The Mahabharata, Yudhisthira and a dog meet Indra. Indra tells Yudhisthira that he will take Yudhisthira to heaven if Yudhisthira leaves the dog behind. Yudhisthira refuses and it is revealed that the dog was really Dharma. For passing this test, Yudhisthira is rewarded with heaven. This scene perfectly encapsulates the themes of duty, loyalty, fairness, and dharma and being justly rewarded for such actions that were present throughout the entire Mahabharata. It is important to note that the dog followed Yudhisthira during the entire journey to heaven. Even when Yudhisthira’s brothers, Arjuna, Bhima, Nakula, and Sagadeva and their wife, Draupadi, were falling off of the Himalayan mountain range, which is why there was only Yudhisthira and the dog when Indra appeared, the dog continued to follow Yudhisthira. For the dog being so â€Å"†¦highly devoted†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mahabharata, p. 109) it was Yudhisthira’s duty to show loyalty to the dog. It is much like how Krsna offered Karna to fight with the Pandavas against the Kauravas since he was a Pandava brother. However, because he was abandoned at birth by Kunti and â€Å"†¦enjoyed sovereignty for thirteen years without let or hindrance,† (Mahabharata, p. 111) with the Kauravas, Karna decided that it was his duty to fight alongside the people who were most loyal to him, the Kauravas. During the time of The Mahabharata dogs were far from man’s best friends. Dogs were considered impure. Most people would have cast aside a lowly dog for the chance at heaven, especially after being told by Indra himself that â€Å"there will be no cruelty in doing so† (Mahabharata, p. 209). However, Yudhisthira choose loyalty over what many people would have considered the common-sense option of Indra’... ... fighting the Pandavas, he and Gandhari still supported their children once the war began. Dhrtarastra even attempted to kill Bhima after the Pandavas had defeated the Kauravas. In a very symbolic way Yudhisthira is like Dhrtarastra. He could not see his father even when Dharma was standing right beside him. However, Dharma supported Yudhisthira through the entire journey like only a family member would. Consequently, Yudhisthira’s duty was to treat the dog with the same loyalty he would a known member of his family. Yudhisthira’s journey to heaven was a trying one. He lost his brothers and his wife during it, yet a random dog followed him the entire way. When given the chance to go to heaven if he would cast off the dog Yudhisthira displayed the fairness, duty, loyalty, and dharma that were present in the rest of The Mahabharata and was rightfully reward for it.

Shakespeare: Foreshadowing in Macbeth

William Shakespeare has been, and continues to be, one of the most famous writers of all time. His writings, specifically playwrights, include varieties of different writing techniques that never fail to capture the attention of audiences of all ages.One of his most famous tragedies – Macbeth – is certainly no disappointment. Though Macbeth is one of his shortest tragedies, Shakespeare takes the elements of madness, evilness, and jealousness and wraps them up into a timeless tale chock full of literary elements.One of the most studied and most profound literary elements found in Macbeth is foreshadowing. Foreshadow; verb; be a warning or indication of (a future event). † Foreshadowing gives the audience a hint of what is to come without completely giving away the event, though it will make sense after the event happens.The first example of foreshadowing we see in Macbeth is found in Act 1, Scene 1 in the three witches’ prophecies. We see the three witches s how up multiple times throughout Macbeth to hint at the future.The reader immediately sees an example of the prophecies in Act 1, Scene 1 when the witches are talking about meeting Macbeth. They say that they will meet him â€Å"when the battle’s lost and won† (Act 1, Scene 1).Logistically, this phrase makes sense because every battle will have a loser and a winner, however when we look at the deeper meaning of this phrase, it shows the witches’ recurring â€Å"double meaning† way of speaking that will eventually give false hope to Macbeth in the ending battle scenes.We see another example of foreshadowing in the Act 1, Scene 1 witches’ prophecies of Macbeth as well. All of the witches come together and yell â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair† (Act 1, Scene 1). The element of this phrase recurs throughout Macbeth to show the differences between reality and appearance.Macbeth quotes a similar version of this phrase in his first entrance whe n he says â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen† (Act 1, Scene 3). The day itself, the weather, is â€Å"foul†, but the day’s events have proven â€Å"fair† because they have won the battle.This witch prophecy contradicts reality and appearance and foreshadows that there will be many events in the future that may look â€Å"fair† to the eye, but are, in reality, â€Å"foul†. One final example of foreshadowing that we see in the introduction of Macbeth is when the witches come to meet Macbeth and Banquo.Each witch greets Macbeth with a separate title: â€Å"Thane of Glamis†, â€Å"Thane of Cawdor†, and â€Å"King hereafter† (Act 1, Scene 3). This foreshadowing is a little more obvious than the others in the fact that it is clear Macbeth will be given these three titles at some point in his life.The witches fail to mention, however, the manner in which these titles will be achieved, which we know to be a maddening v enture for Macbeth and his wife. Foreshadowing, no matter how bold or subtle, is a key literary element in Shakespeare’s Macbeth.The three witches prophesize the upcoming events in Macbeth, adding to the suspense and adventure of the writing. The foreshadowing and other literary elements in Macbeth help maintain such a classic piece of tragedy literature that will stand the test of time.

What Really Makes Factories Flexible

Introduction: In this literature, â€Å"What really makes factories flexible? † the writer brought out the topic for factory flexibility, which defines as a production  facility  organized  to  respond to customer orders quickly in order to provide  a  full  and varied range  of  operations  or  services, across many  product lines with very short  changeover times and may introduce new products of similar range fairly easy. For example, most modern  automobile plants  are designed as  flexible  factories to build various models. Having acknowledged the importance of flexibility, how would manufacturing managers in a broad array of industries find pathways to improve the process? What are the difficulties of defining flexibility of a plant and how do they measure flexibility in terms of plant productivity? What measurements are needed to show improvement of the process? The author performed a research in a study of sixty-one factories in North America that manufacture fine paper to find out the answer. Define the problem: Unlike most other industries in which different plants make different products, the paper industry's products are more comparable across plants since paper are produced by very similar process. There are a few characteristics for the paper industries to be the right candidate. In paper industry, the qualities of products by grades are straightforward numbers which can be able to be measured by the author. These numbers enabled the author to develop both the range of paper a plant could produce and how much time it needed for a plant to switch from making one kind of paper to making another. By using these numbers the author was be able to define the operational flexibility for manufacturing plants needed to measure and find the ways to improve the processes. Defining the problem is the first thing needed by each manager. â€Å"What is flexibility? † Managers are having hard times to define as the term may mean very different for different people. At plant level, it is about the ability to change over or adapt new system, however, specifying and characterizing this ability is not an easy task. As one manager may talk about the flexibility to produce the types of production from up and down depending on what the market needs; another manager may talks about the flexibility to change over from making one type of paper to another with less time and money. In the author's point of view, flexibility should be emphasized in determining by its competitive environment. The measurement of flexibility can be based on a) product range in different things as a plant can have the ability to produce a small number of products that are very different from one another b) mobility for a plant to change over from making one product to another and c) uniformity of performance as a flexible plant can perform comparably well to make any product within a specified range. Once managers have defined the different kinds of flexibility they are trying to develop, another set of issues had come up as how to measure the flexibility and improvement of flexibility. Also it is often unclear in which general features of a plant must be changed in order to make its operations flexible. The depth and wisdom of experience managers have to be carefully assessing their strategies to define what kind of flexibility they are looking for before embarking on a flexibility program, or otherwise the results can be disastrous. Implication and analysis to select best alternatives: By collecting production data, the author was able to measure the breadth of paper grades that each plant was capable of producing and the changeover time that each plant required to switch between grades. There were additional measurements of flexibility such as workforce by length of service, the level of computer integration (CIM), the change and break frequency, etc. Each plant may emphasize in a whole range of factors from different quality and types of flexibility based on the managers, so end up there are large differences across plants. One major issue covered in this literature is that the degree of computer integration (CIM) does not really help on plant flexibility by increasing range of products produced or improving change over time even though large money was invested in it. Managers often have difficulty justifying CIM projects on the basis of cost savings or quality improvements therefore justify them on basis of improved flexibility CIM will provide. In this case, only the engineers or a few trained employees understand how the system works; most of the plant operators are not trained to operate which create problems. Operators instead decide to perform manual-change over, which in a surprising findings the best manual change system operate much faster than computer. This result shows the serious problem from operators as they have no interest to adapt the change to operate CIM. It hit hard on the managers with thoughts being reluctant that they are doing something right, but actually they are wrong. Implement decision to change the system: For successful manager to figure out the issues of CIM before implementing it in a plant, they should consider building up skills for their operators. As the author denoted, â€Å"Plants become more flexible when managers stress to workers the importance of flexibility. For example, a plant that wants to excel at customizing products will need to develop the capabilities to carry out large range of jobs in the plant. Managers then need to determine what type of workforce or equipment (ex CIM) needs to enhance flexibility. After that managers need to figure out different ways to measure the type of flexibility sought and emphasize the importance of the measures to the employees. Trainings should be added in th e process to build up experienced workforce and eventually to see improvement in flexibility. For example, continuous learning problem such as operational excellence may help management team in different level to control and maintain a flexible manufacturing plant. Evaluate the outcome: By integrating the appropriate steps to a) defining the problem of flexibility, b) implication and analysis to select best alternatives and c) implement decision to change the system, the next step is to evaluate the outcome to see if there is any improvement or if not, further alterations will need to be made. Outcomes that need to be evaluated are not limited to employee training in different level. Employees training based on experience are critical for a manufacturing plant to increase flexibility. More experience workers are not willing to adapting the new systems such as CIM comparing to less experience workers who are more willing to change. Conclusion: A good manufacturing management team designs what is best way for its plant to run, and plants that are flexible in terms of mobility (in terms of change over time) and range (in terms of various productivity) tended to have a clear measures of what flexibility should be developed. Managers have to decide what benefits the plant, how the plant operate, what kind of flexibility they are looking for, select the right decision making tools such as CIM, training for the employees based on different levels of experience, analyzing the data and provide surveys for customers. Managers should provide people the support needed in order to achieve the goal for lower the cost, decreasing change over time, increasing throughput and eventually make more money. Manager should never put too much faith in depending on CIM to complete the tasks in ease. CIM provides critical advantages to improve factory flexibility only if it can be implemented in the right way to fit the system. CIM generally needs experienced operators to control so trainings are critical for employees in different level. CIM could only be one of the alternative tools for managers to use. The flexibility of a plant depends much more on people (manager, field-supervisors, engineers and operators) than on any technical factor (automation, CIM). Managers should never only embraced in CIM as the solution to the growing need to forge new capabilities, instead managers should put more faith in the day to day management of people. Extended Research: I read two other articles which were written within the last three years. It is obvious that both articles talk about how computer integration both software and hardware can help to improve process flow and flexibility of a plant. This is because a more mature CIM system has been established through studies from field experts and universities. In general, employees nowadays understand that continuous learning is the keys to maintain competitiveness in the job market. This doesn’t mean that managers’ job are easier to do, but flexibilities in all level from a plant, a team, or just individual are critical in order to maintain a competitive advantage. Reference: 1. Manufacturing Flexibility – Synchronizing the Shop Floor and Supply Chain by Aberdeen Group 2. Improving Plant Performance and Flexibility in Batch Process Manufacturing: With an Example from the Food and Beverage Industry by Filippo Focacci

Free Essays on Raymond Carver

Raymond Carver An American short-story writer and poet, Raymond Carver’s style of writing was called minimalism. Carver himself did not like the label, â€Å"because it ‘smacks of smallness of vision and execution.’† (Stull 8) Raymond Clevie Carver, nicknamed Junior, Frog, and Doc, was born on May 25, 1938, in Clatskanie, a mill town on the Columbia River in Oregon. His father, Clevie Raymond Carver (â€Å"C.R.†), rode the rails from Arkansas to Washington state during the dust-bowl days of the 1930’s. C.R., a sawmill worker, was an alcoholic who died at fifty-three. Growing up at home, Carver’s father used to tell him stories about his own hunting and fishing exploits, and about his grandfather, who had fought in the Civil War for both sides. His mother, Ella Casey Carver, supplemented the family income by working as a waitress and retail clerk. When Raymond was three, the family moved to Yakima, Washington, a town of twenty thousand near the Cascades, where he grew up. Carver went to a local school in Yakima, and graduated in 1956. He was a fan of Mickey Spillane novels and Sports Afield and Outdoor Life. Soon after graduating, Carver married his pregnant, sixteen-year-old girlfriend named Maryann Burk. During the early years of their marriage, Carver worked as a janitor, a laborer at a sawmill, and as a salesman. Maryann worked as a waitress, a salesperson, and an administrative assistant and teacher. The Carver’s had two children who, although having a rough childhood, eventually both graduated from college. In 1958, Carver moved his family to Paradise, California and enrolled in Chico State College as a part-time student. Here he takes a creative writing course taught by John Gardner. This is where he first becomes interested in writing. In 1960 Carver transfers to Humboldt State College and published his first story, 'Pastoral,' in the Western Humanites Review, and his first poem, 'The Brass ... Free Essays on Raymond Carver Free Essays on Raymond Carver Raymond Carver An American short-story writer and poet, Raymond Carver’s style of writing was called minimalism. Carver himself did not like the label, â€Å"because it ‘smacks of smallness of vision and execution.’† (Stull 8) Raymond Clevie Carver, nicknamed Junior, Frog, and Doc, was born on May 25, 1938, in Clatskanie, a mill town on the Columbia River in Oregon. His father, Clevie Raymond Carver (â€Å"C.R.†), rode the rails from Arkansas to Washington state during the dust-bowl days of the 1930’s. C.R., a sawmill worker, was an alcoholic who died at fifty-three. Growing up at home, Carver’s father used to tell him stories about his own hunting and fishing exploits, and about his grandfather, who had fought in the Civil War for both sides. His mother, Ella Casey Carver, supplemented the family income by working as a waitress and retail clerk. When Raymond was three, the family moved to Yakima, Washington, a town of twenty thousand near the Cascades, where he grew up. Carver went to a local school in Yakima, and graduated in 1956. He was a fan of Mickey Spillane novels and Sports Afield and Outdoor Life. Soon after graduating, Carver married his pregnant, sixteen-year-old girlfriend named Maryann Burk. During the early years of their marriage, Carver worked as a janitor, a laborer at a sawmill, and as a salesman. Maryann worked as a waitress, a salesperson, and an administrative assistant and teacher. The Carver’s had two children who, although having a rough childhood, eventually both graduated from college. In 1958, Carver moved his family to Paradise, California and enrolled in Chico State College as a part-time student. Here he takes a creative writing course taught by John Gardner. This is where he first becomes interested in writing. In 1960 Carver transfers to Humboldt State College and published his first story, 'Pastoral,' in the Western Humanites Review, and his first poem, 'The Brass ...

Lord Neubergers advice on clearer legal writing - Emphasis

Lord Neubergers advice on clearer legal writing Lord Neubergers advice on clearer legal writing When it comes to calls for improving legal writing, few are made with more authority than this. Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, President of the Supreme Court, has said that judges themselves need to change the way they write – or risk losing the public’s confidence in the entire justice system. Lord Neuberger made the claim in a recent lecture to the British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII). His main focus was on writing and reporting judgments (or should that be judgements?), but many of his comments are relevant to legal writing in general. ‘It is not realistic to expect that every Judgment could be understood by everyone:    human nature, the complexities of modern life, and the intricacies of the law do not permit that,’ he said. ‘However, if we are to maintain public confidence in the justice system, judges must make their Judgments as accessible as possible, particularly to members of the public and litigants-in-person.’ Even lawyers prefer simple writing To illustrate the importance of clear writing, he gave an example from a study by the American law professor Joe Kimble. As part of the study, The Straight Skinny on Better Judicial Opinions, Professor Kimble sent two versions of the same judgment to 700 lawyers. Version A was the original judgment, picked as an average sample, not an especially bad one (though Lord Neuberger described it as having ‘Proustian length sentences without Proust’s literary merit’). Version B had been rewritten in plainer language. Here’s the opening paragraph of version A: ‘Plaintiff Robert Wills filed a declaratory judgment against defendant State Farm Insurance Company to determine whether defendant has a duty to pay benefits under the uninsured motorist provisions found in plaintiff’s policy with defendant. Pursuant to the parties’ stipulated statement of facts, the trial court granted summary disposition in plaintiff’s favor upon finding coverage where gunshots fired from an unidentified automobile passing plaintiff’s vehicle caused plaintiff to drive off the road and suffer injuries. Defendant appeals as of right. We reverse and remand. And here’s the opening paragraph of version B: ‘Robert Wills was injured when someone drove by him and fired shots toward his car, causing him to swerve into a tree. He filed a declaratory-judgment action to determine whether State Farm had to pay him uninsured-motorist benefits. The issue is whether there was a ‘substantial physical nexus’ between the unidentified car and Wills’s car. The trial court answered yes and granted a summary disposition for Wills. We disagree and reverse. We do not find a substantial physical nexus between the two cars, because the bullets were not projected by the unidentified car itself.’ The lawyers expressed a ‘strong preference’ for version B. Asked why they preferred it, they said because it had a summary at the beginning, left out unnecessary detail, and was more concise. And if the lawyers found version A harder to read, despite their extensive legal training, the general public barely stand a chance. ‘First, the fact that legal professionals are trained to read Judgments is no excuse for poor Judgment-writing,’ said Lord Neuberger. ‘Secondly, reference to lawyers, judges and academics is myopic. They are only part of the audience. The public are the real audience.’ Two recommendations for clearer judgments Lord Neuberger made two proposals for how judges could improve the accessibility of judgments. 1. Start with a judgment summary Firstly, to include a short summary at the start. This would be particularly helpful to self-represented litigants without ready access to professionally published law reports from the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting (ICLR), he said. ‘It would not be as long as a law report headnote, or as one of the press summaries prepared by the Supreme Court. But it should be sufficient to enable a non-lawyer to know the facts, the issues, and how and why they were resolved.’ 2. Use a clear structure Secondly, he called for a clearer framework for all judgments, including a table of contents at the beginning ‘to give better guidance to the structure and contents of longer Judgments’, and appropriate headings and signposts throughout the document. ‘Kimble’s study confirms that this is not just a good discipline but it is what the legal professional readers want, and, if it is what lawyers want, it is a fortiori what non-lawyers will want. A clear structure aids accessibility.’ (A fortiori means ‘all the more so’. Peppering your arguments with Latin isn’t the best example of aiding accessibility – perhaps Lord Neuberger should take a little of his own advice here.) Keep it concise Lord Neuberger also made what he described as a more controversial suggestion: ‘that judges could take a more rigorous approach to cutting the length of their Judgments’. That didn’t mean they should go as far as Judge James Murdoch of the UX Tax Court, he said, quoting: ‘It is reputed that a taxpayer testified, â€Å"As God is my judge, I do not owe this tax†. Judge Murdoch replied, â€Å"He is not, I am; you do†.’ However, there were opportunities to reduce the length of judgments by cutting unnecessary content. ‘Judges should weed out the otiose. We should, for instance, remove unnecessary displays of learning, or what the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Judge, recalls his history teacher marking on his essay, APK, anxious parade of knowledge.’ Say what needs to be said, give the readers the information they need, and no more. You can read the speech, which also covers judgment reporting and dissemination, in full here. To see a case study of how we helped   commercial law firm Nabarro LLP, click here.

Beck's Theory of Risk Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Beck's Theory of Risk Society - Essay Example Time and again, sociologists have studied societal behaviours and have coined different names for different societies. With the advent of the era of advanced modernity, societal thinkers went into further depths and coined even more comprehensive titles such as Affluent societies, Civic Societies, Open societies etc. One of the most prominent societal thinkers of this new modern era is Ulrich Beck. INTRODUCTION TO BECK AND RISK SOCIETY The German sociologist coined the name of Risk Society in his book ‘’ Toward a New Modernity’’ to explain that this era of advanced modernity is overwhelmed by the underlying risks that form an integral part of the future of these societies. Beck uses the term to identify societies that are risk averse and try to find out systematic methodologies to deal with risks induced by the modernisation itself. The term risk society is also analysed through the paradigms of a theoretical framework. This frame comprises of three interre lated ingredients: Individualization, Risk and reflexive modernity. The underlying basis of Beck to his argument is that modern society is exposed to a plenthora of risks and uncertainties. These uncertainties can include nuclear radiations, global warming, highly endemic diseases, invasive species and many other virulent phenomena (Adam, 2000). CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF BECKS THEORY: The historical theoretical work on societies centered around the distribution of world resources. Particularly those of the beginning of the modern era but with the new concept of risk aversiveness, Beck has given new paradigms to the societal risk theories. He argues that today, the focus of societies is not on the distribution of resources but on the distribution of risks and machinations of modernization, the risks prevalent in the contemporary scenario. He furthers his stance by saying that many potential risks are extricated from the concepts of boundaries and so these risks cannot be equitably distrib uted. Everyone therefore is equally at risk. Hence the concept of social classifications identified by the historical sociologists are no longer relevant according to Beck because risks cannot be equitably distributed and so all social classes are dissolved leading to individualization of the social actors. INDIVIDUALIZATION: According to Beck since all countries are equally exposed to the risks identified earlier, all entities, organizations, institutions and governments stand at the same level and so they are individualized at their own domains. Thus they have to take charge of the responsibilities and work on solutions to mitigating these risks. These individualized social actors identify the risks generated from technological innovation and new discoveries and they undertake action such as social movements and awareness campaigns to pressurize the innovators in being safety complaint. On the basis of this idea of individualization, Beck illustrates the vision of ‘New Moder nity’. He portrays a society where personal experimentation and cultural innovation are cherished at the back of high potential uncertainties. Beck considers both regressive and progressive elements to individualization REFLEXIVE MODERNIZATION Beck criticises modernity by attacking the presuppositions of the theory of modernity related socialization. He is of the opinion that many sociologists confuse modernity with industrialism. He finds progress in the overrated social theories which align linear

Don't Let Your Baby Blues Go Code Red & Sometimes It's Better Just to Coursework

Don't Let Your Baby Blues Go Code Red & Sometimes It's Better Just to Do Less Harm - Coursework Example For example, stories of Lindsay Lohan going to rehab due to drug abuse was highly publicized and people followed closely her treatment process. In the same way, when Brooke Shield wrote about her battle with postpartum depression, the topic generated a lot of public opinion. According to Brody, although postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 20 percent of women, many of these women do not get treatment for this condition (7). I agree with the observation that very few women seek treatment for postpartum depression, mainly because such women are afraid of being branded as bad mothers. As Brody writes, no mother wishes to have experience postpartum depression (7). Rather, the risk factors for postpartum depression include such experiences as complicated labor, problems with a previous pregnancy, and lack of support from family and friends (7). In my opinion, all the cited risk factors are legit considering that such experiences can cause a person develop certain fears especially towards the baby and may even hurt the baby unwillingly, thus the need for psychotherapy services to enable new mothers deal with the postpartum phase. Appearing in the New York Times, â€Å"Sometimes It’s Better Just To Do Less Harm† is an article by Richard Friedman which addresses the hard decisions that doctors have to make with regard to treatment, in terms of trying to risk lesser harm for the purpose of avoiding greater harm (5). Friedman seems to be of the opinion that the first rule of â€Å"do no damage† is not at all times applicable. I hold a similar opinion considering that in some instances, such as being forced to amputate a completely shuttered hand is considerably lesser harm than risking an infection of the entire arm. Friedman proceeds to give an example of Larry, an overweight smoker who has tried quitting smoking but has failed (5). When Larry talks to his doctor about smoking, he speaks in such a dreamy tone, telling of how

A Jurors Perspective in the Case against Socrates Research Paper

A Jurors Perspective in the Case against Socrates - Research Paper Example Personally, I find nothing wrong with being inquisitive. Inquisitiveness has been the source of great knowledge for a long time. The fact that Socrates has been inquisitive, enquiring the earth and the clouds constitute no crime. If his chosen way of life does not harm anyone, and no one can confirm that he harmed anyone by being curious, then I find no fault at that. Of concern is the substance of which he enquires about. Contrary, Socrates has confessed to the things he enquires. He has said that he enquires about the presence and the nature of knowledge in selected persons. This, he has confessed, is to try to refute the claims of the Delphin oracle, which he claims elevates him as the wisest man in Athens. First, this raises the question of whether it is true that the oracle construed that he was the wisest man. If it is true, then such an important decree from the Athenian god Apollo should have been made known to all Athenians. The fact that this did not happen, is interpretabl e that the accused has put words in the mouth of a god. By claiming that the gods have recognized him as the wisest man, Socrates undermines the power of the Athenian gods by elevating himself as superhuman. He elevates himself to the level that he converses with the gods, though he is not a priest. In this issue, the accused is guilty of heresy and slander against the gods of Athena. His comparison of himself with Heracles is an insult to all Athenians and their integrity. It is an insult to the time-honored belief about the gods and the heroes of our history (Colaiaco 62). Second is the claim that he teaches his inquisitive lifestyle to others. In his defence, the accused has pointed out that he has never been a teacher. He does not take money from anyone in exchange for his perceived teachings. Therefore, if anyone goes to him, it is of his own accord. The teachings gained thereof that are one’s own desire. However, the place where the lessons are offered becomes very diff icult for the citizens of Athena to decide whether to attend or not. The accused has confessed of a tendency to start his teachings in public, where people gather for other purposes. This does not leave any choice to those in such areas, whether to listen or leave. This is so because there are in such places in pursuit of their own affair. Additionally, the accused has a tendency to stop people on the way and start questioning them. This constitutes a disruption of public peace. He propagates dissension and enmity among the people. If one is a teacher, he should let his students come to him on their own will. This is not in the interests of the state. The questioning of people regarding the level of wisdom is also demeaning. This is quite serious when it is considered that some of the subjects of the defendant’s questioning are citizens of high ranking. These people have made a significant contribution to the advancement of the nation. Branding these people as lacking wisdom and knowledge is a dishonor and a disparagement of their good work and sacrifices. On these charges, Socrates is guilty. The next charge brought against Socrates was the claim that he misguides the youth. His accusers have not explained what constitutes misguiding the youth. Using the little information provided to the court by the accusers, this is only interpretable to mean that the teaching of inquisitiveness taught by the accused to the public.

The Kill Of Stephen Lawrence Sociology Essay

The Kill Of Stephen Lawrence Sociology Essay Although the killing of Stephen Lawrence in 1993 was one of the few racist murders in British history to result in extensive media coverage, a public investigation and a change in the law, the reporting of black crime in the United Kingdom has remained subject to distortion and moral panic, especially in the conservative tabloid press. Since Lawrence and his family were portrayed as aspiring members of the middle class, the media in general did not really regard him as part of black culture at all, at least as the media has defined it over the last thirty years: guns, drugs, gangs, street crime, poverty and school drop outs (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 263). Therefore, despite much sound and fury, there is no evidence that Lawrences murder and its aftermath led to fundamental change in the systematic racism of the British media, and other institutions such as the police and education system. Nor is there evidence that the racist ideology that is used towards blacks, immigrants, Mus lims and asylum-seekers has disappeared as a resultfar from it. This dissertation will consider the definition of racism as socially and historically constructed, and part of the institutions and ideology of society, and then examine how it has applied to the treatment blacks and other ethnic minorities in the UK since the 1940s, focusing on the Lawrence case and its aftermath. Finally, it will consider whether racism in the media has gradually been transferred to other targets in the wake of the attacks of September 11, 2001 and July 2005, with less emphasis on street crime, gangs, drugs and the crack wars of the 1970s-90s. This does not mean that young black males are no longer the target of racist stereotyping in the media, since as late as 2007 even a committee of the House of Commons agreed that they still were, only that racist impulses and ideologies seem to go through phases in which certain targets receive more attention than others (House of Commons, 2007) CHAPTER 1.1: WHY THIS TOPIC IS INTERESTING TO ME This topic first came to my attention several months ago during the summer, when it seemed that everyday young people were being killed by young males carrying knives. At the time the newspapers that covered these stories made it seem that it was only young black males that carried knives and the problem that the police had to deal with was not that of a few individuals who were carrying and using knives but that of a wider more prevalent issue with black culture. At the time of reading these stories I found it quite strange that over time the underlying story seemed to be the same but the details had changed. For example, I remember not too long ago, it was young black males that were most likely to mug you, it was young black males dealing drugs on estates and young black males being involved in gang shooting (McLaughlin and Murji,2001, p 265). These acts seemed to, in my opinion come in waves. Due to reports like these, the general public is of the assumption that young black males are very dangerous individuals and should be feared (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 265). I wanted to find out whether the newspapers and the media in general were justified in their approach on reporting black crime or whether they are scare-mongering for the sake of sales. CHAPTER 1.2: AIMS As stated above, the main aim of this dissertation would be to see if in fact the general media are in fact correct in the way in which they report crime or do they fuel public panic, and in turn fuel racism. I would like to find out whether the media is helping or hindering the general publics understanding of black people. Also, I hope that my research will enable me to answer questions on the way media is used and misused. In addition to that, I would like to find out whether the events that took place that lend to Stephen Lawrences murder was a turning point in the way that journalist conduct their articles and if after the Macpherson report has anything changed. Lastly I would like to find out if I am right in my assumption that the way in which the media (especially the tabloid press) have place black people on the back burner for the time being, and are concentrating on other ethnic minorities, such as Asian etc. CHAPTER1.3: POSTMODERNIST THEORY ON RACISM The term postmodernism is generally over used, as just about everything has a postmodern twist to it. For example the term postmodern can be used to describe music, art, architecture, film etc, but as well as all these, it is a sociological school of thought. According to Giddens postmodernism is the belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. Postmodern society is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no grand narrative guiding its development (Giddens, 2006, p1029). According to the postmodernist Ramon Flecha, racism is described as describes a condition wherein racial and ethnic differences become incommensurable and subjects fail to address the important issue of inequality in the face of difference (Gillborn and Ladson-Billings, 2004, p123). When one takes a closer look at history, one will realize that there is a major paradox in European imperialism. As colonisers, one of their goals was to disseminate their culture in their colonies. However, Singh believes that European cultural imperialism was dedicated to denying the colonised subject any identity other than one which that renders him/her a non-person (Singh, 2006, p 7). This cultural invasion happens when the invaders impose their own beliefs and views on another group and make them inferior by suppressing their creativity and expression (Freire, 1970, p 151). Colonisers have propagated their culture among their colonies but many of them still emphasized the importance of drawing a lin e between them and their colony. They regard their culture as superior to that of their colonies. It is this difference where postmodernist beliefs of racism are founded upon. In Murphy and Choi, it is defined as a myriad of practices that are designed to subjugate a large segment of the population (Murphy and Choi, 1997, p3). In postmodernist belief, differences are recognized just as long as each racial group acts according to their race. Postmodernism racism puts more emphasis on the segregation rather than the hierarchy. With respect to the racism that existed fifty or a hundred years ago, postmodern racism recognizes multiculturalism and diversity. Old theories on racism were centred more on hierarchy and which race was more superior to the other. But times of crisis and uncertainty over the course of social and economic change have often proved to be the periods in which new racist ideas and movements have emerged and provided basis for social mobilisation and exclusion (Solomos and Back, 1996, p 211). So therefore over the past 50 years it is clear to see that anytime the re was an incident of economic, social or health related down turns, ethnic minorities have been have been thrust into the limelight, in a way that could be described as negative. In the 70s and 80s it was black men who were a social menace, then in the 90s refugees from the former Yugoslavia were blamed for the lack of public housing and any subsequent rises in welfare benefits. Now in the 00s, with the west waging a war against terror people of Asian descent are now referred to as terrorist. However, postmodern racism is not any different from the old racist beliefs. According to Leonardo, postmodern racism simply assumes the guise of tolerance only to be usurped by relativism, a proliferation of differences rather than a levelling of power relations (Leonardo, 2009, p216). It was stated earlier that times of crisis have prompted racist ideas to change but they have only changed in theory. Reality states that they have essentially remained the same, crimes motivated by racist beliefs have proven that up to the present, racial supremacy still lingers in peoples minds. Lawrences murder is one of the few racially-motivated crimes that have been publicized. But it required a careful effort from the media to publicize his death. His economic background, for instance, was taken into consideration. Other black victims of racially-motivated crimes, for instance, do not receive sufficient publicity because the journalists thought that their image as a vagrant would not illicit a sympathetic response from the public (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 276). Stephen Lawrence was the opposite because he came from a middle class family and his family was not, as stereotypes would say, the typical black family everyone feared. The discrepancy between the medias treatment of Stephen Lawrence and Duwayne Brooks respective murders will easily reveal how media still holds racist beliefs. Moreover, it goes to show that media is sensitive to the fact that the general populace is still governed by old racist beliefs that there are certain races that are superior to the other. Postmodern racism, then, does not completely hold true and it may only be a sugar-coated version of the old-fashioned 19th century racism. CHAPTER 1.4: STRUCTURE Firstly I will be looking in to the methodology that is to be used in this dissertation as well as any ethically issues that may arise from doing research and writing up my dissertation. In chapter 3, I will be looking at the background history of black people in the United Kingdom and the media. In chapter 4, I will be looking in depth at the Stephen Lawrence case and asking whether Lawrence was a turning point in media reporting and the publics perception of young black males in general. I will then be covering in chapter 4.1, when the media circus surrounding Lawrence died down whether the media returned to their old ways of racially biased reporting or did the Macpherson report make a difference in the institution that in the media world. Finally in chapter 5, I will conclude and make any recommendations that are fitting. After this the references will follow. CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY This dissertation is a library based dissertation so therefore it uses secondary research as I feel primary research would not be suitable for this dissertation. I will be concentrating on collecting all my information from books, journals and publications that focusing on media reporting of the Stephen Lawrence case, history of black people in the UK and post Stephen Lawrence. CHAPTER 2.1: ETHICAL ISSUES Racism is a delicate issue and if the research is not conducted properly, the outcome could possibly be dangerous to all parties involved in the research, whether they are a minority ethnic group or not. It is therefore important that I must be sensitive towards the needs and safety of those who would likely to be involve in the study (Babbie, 2008, p 440). As this essay will be library based researched I must make sure that whilst conducting the research and evaluating my findings, I am as transparent as possible. I must also make sure that throughout the research and evaluation process I am aware of the studys objectivities and other significant details, therefore reducing any clear bias, which in turn would allow my work to be clear and objective. Also, I must make sure that whenever I quote anything it must be written in context and that I dont plagiarise. To make sure this doesnt happen I will make sure that all my references are correctly stated. And finally I will make sure t hat if during my research I find articles that disagree with any statements I have made are noted not ignored. CHAPTER 3: RACISM IN GREAT BRITAIN: THE MEDIA AND BLACK BRITISH HISTORY For the British media, especially the conservative, mass market tabloids, blacks have been defined by images of black crime for decades, especially as the economy began to decline in the 1970s as unemployment, poverty and social pathology increased in the declining industrial cities. If black crime has always been defined as a social problem in the media, racist attacks by whites against minorities almost never was before the Stephen Lawrence Family Campaign (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 263). From a purely capitalist view as well, crime reports are among the most headline-catching of news commodities and media everywhere in the world follow the somewhat cynical principle of if it bleeds, it leads. Crime journalists almost invariably take their cue from the police as experts on the subject and also depend of police contacts for their very livelihoods, providing them a routine and predictable source of newsworthy stories. Naturally, crime journalists never want to alienate that sourc e and end up left out in the cold, for the economics of the news business is a particularly raw, competitive form of capitalism (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 264). Van Dijk studied 2,755 headlines in the British press in 1985-86 from The Times, The Guardian, Daily Telegraph, Mail and Sun, and found that except for The Guardian, almost all the reporting about blacks and other minorities was seldom positive, occasionally neutral, and often negative (Van Dijk, 1991, p52). After the major shift in both fictional and news coverage of crime in the 1960s and 1970s, there were increasing complaints from the elderly, minorities and young people in general about how they were depicted. Elderly citizens were shown as muggable and disempowered, while the young and minorities felt like they were continually portrayed as dangerous youth, potential perpetrators of crime, and thus welcomed films and news stories with a civil rights focus and the questioning of police authority. On the other hand, young women were more aware of their possible victim status, particularly their vulnerability to male violence, and so welcomed coverage of such crimes, which had been mostly ignored before the 1960s (Reiner et al, 2000, p 120). In general, the cultural shift of the 1960s and 1970s has not been reversed in films and news accounts in the more conservative era of the 1980s and 1990s: there is still far more depiction of sex, drugs, violence, corrupt and tarnished authority figures than before 1965, and also an increasing tendency toward more anarchic and nihilistic violence or a Hobbesian war of all against all, mixed occasionally with more reactionary and nostalgic themes. Overall, the post-1960s media and film culture has remained less deferential and more de-subordinate and demystified than it was before 1965 (Reiner et al:, 2000, p121-22). For decades the British media portrayed Britain as a white society with a minority and immigration problem. Accordingly, the coloured population is seen as some kind of aberration, a problem, or just an oddity. One of the most popular BBC television programmes in 1958-78 was The Black and White Minstrel Show, supposedly set in the Deep South of the U.S., featuring actors blacked up. As late as 1998, only 2% of journalists in England and Wales were Arab, Asian or black even though these minorities made up 5.26% of the population, and the media often remained blind to ethnic minorities (Wilson et al, 2003, p 21). According to the British Social Attitudes Survey of 2003, 31% of white admitted to being racist, about the same percentage as 1987, and many people also practised aversion racism in which they believed intellectually in equality but at the same time felt aversion toward minorities with negative stereotypes, and thus avoided interaction with them if possible (Crisp and Turner, 2007, p 162-65). In the media, blacks became synonymous with drugs, gangs and street crime, and misleading police statistics asserted that young black males were the majority of street criminals, generally unemployed and on welfare. Equally untrue in the standard media portrayal, their victims were often white, female and elderly (McLaughlin and Murji:, 2001, p265). Abercrombie and Warde agree that a conception of the black community as particularly crime-prone took hold in the 1970s in press treatments of attacks on and thefts from, innocent people in the streets. In 1983 The Sun actually ran a headline Black Crime Shock and stated falsely that blacks carried twice as many muggings as white sin London last year (Webster, 2006, p 32). In general, the media conveyed the image that the attackers were predominantly black and the victims predominantly white, no matter that there was no evidence for this. Just the opposite, the British Crime Survey of 1988 and 1992 showed conclusively that ethnic minoriti es are much more likely, in fact, to be the victims of crime than white people, and these crimes are under-reported because it is believed the police will not be interested and will not follow up a complaint. According to a 1981 Home Office report, victimization rates for Asians were 50 times, and for blacks 36 times, higher than for white people, but the media treated this information like it did not exist and almost never reported the extent and seriousness of racially motivated attacks on black communities (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 268-69). Nevertheless, into the 1990s, young black males continued to be profiled and targeted for stop and search policing, especially in high crime areas. Studies of police attitudes found that they generally regarded blacks as trouble-makers, drug dealers, robbers and nothing else (Abercrombie and Warde, 2000, p258-59). This moral panic against crime in the streets was also fuelled by Conservative politicians, particularly in the Winter of Discontent against the Labour government in 1979. In the Thatcher years, the Tories presided over an era of high unemployment and increasing poverty at the bottom end of the social scale, and knew that they could divert attention by promoting a law and order discourse that put the blame on the most socially and economically depressed sections of the community (Holohan, 2005, p 104). In Britain, as in the U.S. and many other countries from the 1970s to the 1990s, conservative and right-wing populist ideologies reflected a broadly right-wing consensus which, in many news channels (especially the tabloid press)justified as encapsulating the British way of life. This law and order consensus supported more police, more prisons and a tougher criminal justice system, particularly in response to the youth and minority rebellions of the 1960s and 1970sand indeed, as part o f a white backlash against these (Jewkes 2004, p58). For over twenty years, conservative populist punitiveness represented the main attitude of the British government to crime, poverty and the social problems associated with them, and there was no major opposition to imprisoning larger numbers of youth and younger ages, to prosecuting them as adults, more curfews, prohibition of unauthorized gatherings of young people, as well as harsher measures against immigrants, protesters, demonstrators, the homeless and young unemployed, particularly if any of the above were from minority groups. Newspapers like The Sun and Daily Mail have always had a vigorous intolerance towards anyone of anything that transgresses an essentially conservative agenda (Jewkes, 2004, p 59). Socially, economically and culturally, this era was a throwback to the late-Victorian period at the end of the 19th Century. A 1992 book Beneath the Surface: Racial Harassment described a detailed study of racism in the London borough of Waltham Forest in 1981-89. It found that racial harassment was a fact of life there, including verbal and physical abuse, graffiti and fire bombings of houses of ethnic minorities. In July 1981 a Pakistani woman and her three children died in one of these attacks when petrol was sprayed into their house and set alight. The police did not seem interested in any of these crimes, and were even suspicious of the minorities who reported them. In 1998, The Observer reported that little has changed in the years since and described how one Muslim man was regularly threatened with stones, guns, knives, fire-bombs and death threats over a seven-year period. In 1992-94 alone, there were at least 45 deaths in Britain from what are believed to be racially motivated attacks, but none of them received nearly the same publicity as the Lawrence case (Abercrombie and Warde, 2000, p 260-62) . After the riots of 1980-81, Lord Scarmans report emphasized the role of racial discrimination and acknowledged that there was a problem of racially discriminatory policing, as was still the case twelve years later in the Lawrence case. After the report came out, the police gave off-the-record interviews to the effect that London was experiencing a dramatic increase in muggings (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p266). Jamaican immigrants had begun to arrive in the UK in 1948, although even the Labour government of that era preferred white European immigrants if it could find them, even if they could not speak English and understood little about Britain. Indeed, government officials went out of their way to discourage immigration from Africa, Asia and the West Indies, which was not unusual at the time, given the whites-only immigration policies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States that had been in place for decadesand did not change in the U.S. until 1965. The British government even tried to divert a ship carrying 492 Jamaicans to East Africa in 1948. Given the shortage of white immigrants, Britain had no alternative except to obtain most of its cheap labour supply from its colonies, semi-colonies and former colonies in Asia, Africa and the West Indies, although with much bad will on both the governmental level and in (white) public opinion (Skelton, 1999). Blacks had been in Britain long before this wave of immigration, of course, but it seems to have made little impact on historical memory or popular consciousness. Britain had slavery during the 17th and 18th Centuries at least until Lord Mansfield abolished it in 1772. To be sure, only 10-20,000 slaves had lived in the country during any given year compared to millions in Brazil, the United States and West Indies and the number of free blacks was never large (Segal, 1996). Prior to the post-1945 immigration, few whites in Britain would have ever encountered many blacks at home, except of course for American soldiers in World War II. At that time, however, many white Americans were actually surprised to find that the British press was generally sympathetic to blacks whenever racial conflicts, brawls and other incidents took place on British soil (Katznelson, 2001). Jamaicans were the largest group to arrive in Britain from the West Indies during this unwelcome ingathering from the colonies. While the majority of White British were antagonistic to all those from the Caribbean, it can be said that the deepest resentment was toward the Jamaicans (Skelton, 1999, p 232). Initially, they settled in Lambeth, Brixton, Clapham and Camberwell in South London, which was considered ideal for blacks and other minorities since it had suffered extensive bomb damage and was full of vacant, old and dilapidated Victorian houses. In other worlds, it was an instant, ready-made ghetto. Black immigrants were crowded into these run-down houses, charged unreasonably high rents, and/or faced housing discrimination. They only got the jobs that British workers would not take and called slave labour or shit work, and often could not even get that. Like many such ghettos in the past, theft, fencing of stolen merchandise, prostitution and drug dealing were commonwith many s hops offering illegal goods and services under the counter to supplement their incomes and others acting as fronts for gangs and organized crime. In short, like similar ghettos in the U.S. and many other countries, it had a large informal or underground economy which existed in tandem with the mainstream economy and societyalthough minority young people were mostly cut off and alienated from this (Sanders, 2000, p 33). Mainstream media reported the crime but not the historical, social and economic context of this ghetto society. From the start, the police and media associated young Jamaican males with street crime, which became an idea so pervasive and powerful that soon everyone who saw a young Black man on the street was convinced they were about to be robbed (Skelton, 1999, p 232). In the 1970s, it was not uncommon to see young Black men being taken to the side of public pavements and being forced to empty their pockets by two of three police officers at a time (Skelton, 1999, p 233). Parliament passed sus laws that allowed the police to stop and frisk anyone acting in a suspicious manneran early example of racial profiling, and arresting and harassing suspects from crimes like shopping, walking or driving while Black. In the media, there were virtually no counter-representations of young, black men, while in the civil disturbances of the 1980s and 1990s it ran the most sensationalistic stories claiming that Britain was becoming a riot-torn society (Skelton, 1999, p 234) caused by an alien disease and ang ry young blacks who did not share the values of law-abiding society (Skelton, 1999, p 234). Certain geographical areas like Brixton in London, Toxteth in Liverpool and Handsworth in Birmingham were racialised in the media and always associated with danger, destruction and lawlessness (Skelton, 1999, p 234). CHAPTER 4: THE STEPHEN LAWRENCE CASE: A TURNING POINT? Identifying a sympathetic victim is a well-known strategy of civil rights movements, and one of the best known was Rosa Parks, whose arrest on December 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat to a white person on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama was the spark that lit the modern civil rights movement in the United Sates. E.D. Nixon, the head of the Alabama National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and chief organizer of the Montgomery Voters League had been looking for a test case against the segregation laws for quite some time. He knew that it would have to survive legal challenges all the way up to the United States Supreme Court, and for this purpose the right type of victim was essential (Hare, 2005). It was no accident when Rosa Parks, the secretary of the local NAACP and member of Martin Luther Kings church, was arrested as part of the long-planned test case. Jonnie Carr, head of the Montgomery Improvement Association for thirty years, had invited Parks t o join the NAACP and the two women started a friendship that would last a lifetime (Hare, 2005, p 25). Carr, who would later challenge Montgomerys segregated school system I the courts and win the case in the Supreme Court, said that Parks was so quiet that you would never have believed she would get to the point of being arrested (hare,2005, p26), but she did. Once she was committed to this course, she did not look back, and was famous for her quiet courage and determination. She continually received death threats from the Ku Klux Klan during the bus boycott and the legal case, and had to move to Detroit, Michigan in 1957. Even so, she continued to work with Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement, helping to organize the March on Washington in 1963 and the election of John Conyers to Congressone of the first blacks elected in the 20th Century (Hare, 2005). Other blacks had been arrested before Parks for refusing to give up their seats, but Nixon, Carr and the other organizers did not regard them as the right kind of victims to generate exactly the right kind of publicity they required, or to stand up to the ordeal that was certain to follow, including the very real possibility of death. On March 2 1955, fifteen-year old Claudette Colvin was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white person, and when she was convicted of disorderly conduct and resisting arrest, the young straight-A student burst into tears (Hare, 2005, p4). Eighteen-year old Mary Louise Smith was arrested on October 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat as well, but Nixon and his fellow organizers did not believe she was quite right for the campaign, either, because of her age and some issues in her background (Hare: 2005). In Rosa Parks, they found their ideal candidate: a mother, gainfully employed, regular churchgoer, mature and respectable, someone Mart in Luther King could proclaim as one of the finest citizens: of Montgomery (Hare,2005,p 30). She could play the role of innocent victim of injustice very well, and be the wife and mother that a white audience could identify with, even though as a civil rights movement activist and organizer, she knew from the start that she was part of a legal test case and media campaign. To be sure, Stephen Lawrence had never planned to become a victim in this way, but civil rights and anti-racism organizers in Britain knew that they could portray him and his family as respectable, middle class people who were really not so different from the white readership of the Daily Mail, and thus generate the type of media interest and political pressure that racist attacks and murders had almost never received in Britain beforeor since, for that matter. Prior to 1997, the Mail had shown little interest in the Lawrence case and only the announcement of a public inquiry seemed to get its attention. On February 14, 1997, however, it ignored legal and ethical guidelines and controversially printed the names and photographs of the five white suspects, and pronounced them guilty of murder under the blazing headline If We Are Wrong Let Them Sue Us. From 1997-99 it published at least 530 stories on the murder and Macpherson investigation, which some cynics always regarded as a ploy to boost circulation or the result of Stephen Lawrences father Neville once having worked as a plasterer for Paul Dacre, the Mails editor. In an editorial on February 15, 1999, the paper explained that it had thought long and hard before publicly naming the five white men, but this was an extraordinary situation and demanded an extraordinary response (McLaughlin and Murji,2001,p 272-73). Many newspapers covered the Lawrence murder, but the Daily Mails high-profil e campaignset the agenda for the terms of the public debate about whom and what was responsible for the murder. This was unusual and unexpected because never before had a racist murder been so graphically and repeatedly described and condemned by a right-wing newspaper in the United Kingdom (McLaughlin,2005,p 163). In the Stephen Lawrence case, the standard media portrayal of blacks as lazy, criminal and violent was inverted in order to present the victim and his family as clean, drug-free hard-working, educated and middle class, while his five white killers were shown as members of the unemployed underclass, living on welfare in public housing. In this way, the media could uphold the standard narrative of race and class while making Lawrence an exception to the general rule: a good black and an innocent victim. This was not the case for the other young black man attacked with him at the same time, Duwayne Brooks, described as a sort of marginal character perhaps involved with gangs and drugs, unlike Stephen Lawrence, who aspired to become an architect and join the middle class. As for Brooks, journalists